Jalisco VMS Project
Summary
The “Jalisco VMS Project” (owned by Zinco Mining Corporation: TSX-V: ZIM) is centred in western Jalisco State between the cities of Puerto Vallarta, Talpa de Allende and Tomatlan (20 degrees 15’ north, and 105 degrees 00’ west). The nearest major centre is Guadalajara, about 100 km east of Talpa de Allende. The Properties are underlain by Jurassic rocks of the Mesozoic Guerrero Terrane, a complex island-arc assemblage that contains most of the known volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) districts in western and central Mexico. The Jalisco VMS Project, previously owned by Zimapan, S.A de C.V. (a subsidiary of Industrias Peñoles) and Cominco, was acquired by staking several concessions between 1998 and 2005 during a period of depressed metal prices. As a result, ZINCO acquired significant landholdings in 6 historic VMS camps in the area, including Cuale, Almatea, Bramador, El Rubi, Aranjuez, Desmoronado and La Mina. Collectively, previous operators drilled 22,741 meters in 296 diamond drill holes on ZINCO's current land holdings. At Desmoronado, Zimapan, S.A. de C.V. defined a mineral resource* of 339,900 tonnes of 0.55 g/t Au, 58 g/t Ag, 1.22 % Pb and 5.72% Zn in the main San Rafael massive sulphide body (Berrocal-Lopez et al., 1990), which was not mined and occurs on ZINCO's Almatea Property.
*The historical resource estimate was prepared by Zimapan, S.A. de C.V. in 1990, and is found in an internal Company Report entitled "Cuatro Minas, Distrito Minero de Desmoronado, Jalisco" (Berrocal-Lopez et al., 1990). Details of the calculations are not included in the report; therefore it is not possible to compare the categories of resource with those required by NI 43-101. ZINCO believes that the estimate is relevant to an appraisal of the merits of the property because the estimate was based on all drill data available at the time, and because there is no evidence of any subsequent work on the property. ZINCO believes that the estimate may, to a limited extent, be reliable because it appears to have been prepared internally for a major company (Zimapan, S.A. de C.V.), apparently seeking to make an objective appraisal of the economic potential of the deposit; it does not appear to have been used for promotional or publicity purposes at the time. No more recent data or resource estimates are available in the public domain. No work has been done by a qualified person to classify the historical resource estimate as a current resource or reserve. ZINCO is not treating the historical resource as a current mineral resource or reserve. The historical resource estimate should not be relied on.
VMS Project History
Between 1984 and 1986, the International Cooperation Agency and Metal Mining Agency of Japan (JICA-MMAJ, 1986) and the Servicio Geologico Mexicano (SGM) conducted a multi-disciplinary exploration program for volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits over a 40 kilometre by 50 kilometre area in western Jalisco State. The work included regional geologic mapping, stream sediment geochemistry, geophysics and diamond drilling. The stream sediment samples were analyzed for Ag, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Contiguous polymetallic geochemical anomalies were defined at Cuale, Bramador, Desmoronado, El Rubi, Aranjuez and La Mina. All of these extend beyond the known mines and workings. Between 1998 and 2005, ZINCO staked most of the geochemical anomalies identified by the MMAJ, and completed follow- up stream sediment sample surveying of most of the anomalous zones located by the earlier work. Geological mapping by the UBC Mineral Deposits Research Unit (MDRU) and ZINCO completed in the period 2002-2007 shows that VMS deposits occur in the Late Jurassic Cuale Sequence, which consists of (from the base upwards): (i) quartz-feldspar porphyritic rhyolite ignimbrite and cryptodomes, (ii) black argillite with massive sulfide and quartz phyric rhyolite (the Ore Horizon), (iii) feldspar megacrystic and magnetite phyric subvolcanic intrusions and pillow dacite with interbeds of argillite and limestone. Regionally, these formations trend northeast and dip moderately to the southeast.
In early 2006, ZINCO completed an 1859 line kilometre helicopter airborne electromagnetic, radiometric and magnetic survey to systematically evaluate its entire land package for bedrock conductors potentially related to massive sulfide mineralization. Resistivity mapping successfully identified several areas of black shale. Within the black shales, about 320 specific bedrock conductors have been identified that merit further testing for massive sulfide potential.
In the second quarter of 2006, ZINCO started a major B-horizon soil geochemistry campaign to help prioritize some of the most promising geophysical and stream sediment geochemical anomalies for drill testing in 2008. Collectively, the soil grids cover 147 or just under 50% of the airborne electromagnetic anomalies identified as part of the 2006 survey, and about 75% of the resistivity anomalies (lows) that are characteristic of the black shales.
In the final quarter of 2007, and first quarter of 2008, inversion and 3-D modeling of the airborne magnetic data by SJ Geophysics of Vancouver was completed. The new interpretation implies that the Cuale District is underlain by a pipe-like intrusion centered below Descubriadora Mountain. Similar magnetic anomalies thought to be caused by subvolcanic intrusions and diatremes have been identified at Bramador west of the Valenciana VMS deposit, and in the center of the Amaltea Property between the Desmoronado, Aranjuez and El Rubi VMS camps. Such intrusions would be a logical heat source for driving hydrothermal convection cells, and for metal bearing magmatic brine.
In early 2008, ZINCO’s activities were mainly centered on permitting, field verification of selected soil geochemical and geophysical anomalies, and construction of a semi-permanent camp at the Cuale mine site. On 30 March 2008, an Agreement was reached with the Ejido of Cuale permitting Minera Croesus S.A. de C.V. access to Ejido lands for the purpose of exploring and drilling its mining concessions. On 29 May 2008, a reverse circulation drill rig was mobilized to the Cuale mine site, and 4751.16 meters of drilling in 33 holes were completed between 3 June and 3 July, 2008.
Cuale VMS District
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits in the Cuale District were first discovered in 1804 by two indigenous people looking for flint in the area of Descubriadora Mountain. Between 1824 and 1854, the deposits were intermittently worked by the Hernandez family. When the owners died, the lawyer hired to settle the estate somehow acquired the mining licenses, and formed the Union en Cuale Company. Overall production between 1824 and 1900 is estimated at 250 000 tons of selected ore, with grades of 900 to 1000 g/t Ag. The mines were closed down in 1900 due to low silver prices. Since then, several companies including Esperanza Co. (1918-1922), Peñoles (1936-1942) and Eagle Pitcher (1954-1959) have attempted to re-open the old workings. In 1965, Compañia Fresnillo (a subsidiary of Peñoles), claimed the area and initiated a major drilling campaign between 1972 and 1976. Between 1980 and 1987, Zimapan S.A. de C.V., the local mining branch of Industrias Peñoles, mined about 1.3 million tons of ore grading 0.8 g/t Au, 204 g/t Ag, 1.4% Pb, 5.4% Zn, and 0.4% Cu, mainly from massive sulphides at La Coloradita, Los Chivos, Socorredora, Naricero, Refugio, San Nicolas, Jesus Maria, and Grandeza (Giles and Garcia, 2000).
ZINCO acquired about 70% of the Cuale VMS camp by staking, and now holds the mining rights to past producers Naricero, San Nicolas, Refugio and Jesus Maria, as well as the unexploited Patrocinio, San Juan and San Rafael occurrences. All of these VMS deposits have been explored by previous operators, and there are 12,513.8 meters of historic drilling in 189 diamond drill holes on ZINCO's Cuale District concessions, mainly in these deposit areas. In early 2008, ZINCO evaluated the historic results together with the Company's exploration databases, and selected San Juan, Jesus Maria, Naricero and San Nicolas for further drill testing, as well as some exploration targets in other areas.
The best overall result of 92 g/t Ag, 0.93% Zn and 0.43% Pb, across 202.98 meters from the 2008 program was intercepted in Hole ZIM9 from the San Juan deposit. This includes 29.58 meters of 322 g/t Ag, 2.78% Zn, and 1.40% Pb between 49.98 and 79.56 meters down-hole. Mineralization at San Juan is localized: (i) in the highly spherulitic and brecciated carapace of a rhyolite flow dome, and (ii) in a zinc-rich stockwork zone deep within the flow-dome. Other important RC drill intercepts from San Juan include: (i) 14.28 meters of 127 g/t Ag, 2.91% Zn, and 0.89% Pb in Hole ZIM1, collared 133 meters north of ZIM9 and, (ii) 134.64 meters of 56 g/t Ag, 1.33% Zn and 0.71% Pb in Hole ZIM3, collared 42 meters east of Hole ZIM9.
At Jesus Maria, apparently about 160 meters stratigraphically below the previously mined Jesus Maria deposit, ZINCO intercepted a new discovery, the Caracol massive sulfide horizon, in Holes ZIM16, 19 and 30. The best result was 9.58% Zn, 2.59% Pb, 0.39% Cu, 21.5 g/t Ag, and 0.11 g/t Au across 16.32 meters from ZIM30. Hole ZIM19, collared 170 meters southwest of ZIM30, delivered an average result of 4.39% Zn, 1.67% Pb, 0.12% Cu and 4.7 g/t Ag across 16.32 meters, and Hole ZIM 16, collared 35 meters southwest of ZIM30 delivered a similar result of 5.03% Zn, 0.06% Pb, 0.19% Cu and 5.6 g/t Ag, also across 16.32 meters. A three point solution solved on the top of these intercepts yields a calculated orientation of 054º/28º SE, which is within the range of bedding orientations calculated based on the top of an argillite marker bed in the Jesus Maria area. This result implies that there is a strong stratigraphic control to the mineralization, as would be expected in the VMS environment.
ZINCO tested Naricero with drill hole ZIM28, and successfully intercepted two mineralized horizons, both 6 to 7 meters thick, and both mined out. The best result from ore-grade material left at the top of the upper horizon was 130 g/t Ag, 0.32 g/t Au, 5.34% Zn and 0.74% Pb across 1.02 m between 82.62 and 83.64 m down-hole.
Evaluation of lithogeochemical alteration patterns using the multi-element ICP-ES and ICP-MS data implies that the strongest alteration occurs at San Juan and Jesus Maria, and that Naricero, the focus of most of Zimapan's historic exploration and exploitation efforts, is an order of magnitude less-altered than San Juan and Jesus Maria. Specifically, calculated mass changes forpotassium, magnesium and iron for San Juan are as high as 21.6 grams per 100 grams in Hole ZIM9, and 11.0 grams per 100 grams in Hole ZIM16 from the Caracol Horizon at Jesus Maria. By way of contrast, mass changes in Hole ZIM28 from Naricero are on the order of 3.5 grams per 100 grams. At Naricero, the average width and grade of 73 historic Zimapan intercepts is 298.4 g/t Ag, 0.58 g/t Au, 4.1% Zn, 1.6% Pb and 0.11% Cu across 3.5 meters. Although high-grade, this is much narrower than the wide intervals intercepted by ZINCO at Jesus Maria and San Juan. The obvious conclusion is that the next stage of drilling should be directed at San Juan and Jesus Maria, but not Naricero.
Bramador VMS District
Most of the known historic workings in the Bramador camp are in the San Jeronimo Gulch where erosion along the creek has exposed massive sulfides. Total historic production from Spanish and German operations in the Bramador area is estimated at 500,000 tons, of which roughly 350,000 tons was oxide material that was processed by amalgamation using the patio method for its gold and silver contents. Galena-rich ores were processed used direct smelting, and sphalerite-pyrite ores were roasted using a reverberation furnace first (Fernandez-Valle, 1984). By 1873 there were seven mines and ten beneficiation plants. The most successful of these was Socorro with a hydraulic wheel of 8 metres in diameter and a stamp mill with the capacity of 10 tons per day (Fernandez-Valle, 1984).
In 1986, the MMAJ and Servicio Geologico Mexicano (formerly Consejo de Recursos de Minerales) drilled 2296.2 metres in seven NQ diamond drill holes between Concepcion de Bramador (La Concha) and Bramador. The best result was from Hole 9 (located on the Cabrel concession), which intercepted 8 metres of 42 g/t Au.
In 2006, ZINCO completed airborne geophysics over the entire Cabrel Property, and part of El Volantin. Results of 3D inversion processing of the magnetic data imply that there might be a pipe-like intrusion of feldspar and magnetite porphyritic dacite west of the La Valenciana VMS prospect. To the south of the magnetic anomaly, there are several stream sediment samples with markedly anomalous gold, zinc, lead, silver and copper results. The strong polymetallic geochemistry is co-incident with several electromagnetic anomalies identified as part of 2D inversion processing of the calculated resistivity data.
Aranjuez VMS District
Several historic workings occur near the hamlet of Aranjuez. In 1984, the MMAJ sampled several mine workings, including El Hueso, La Concha, La Atayarita, La Atalaya and La Descubriadora. Most assay results returned values between 0.2-2 g/t Au, 87-300 g/t Ag and 3-5% Pb+Zn. Their best result was from La Concha, which returned values of 86.7 g/t Au, 7482 g/t Ag and 3.5% Pb across 0.3 m. The mapping work was followed up by a regional geophysical (CSMAT resistivity) survey in 1984. Inspection of MMAJ’s maps indicates that the CSMAT survey was useful for delineating horizons of black argillite. In 1986, the MMAJ drilled 5 vertical holes into selected resistivity anomalies totalling 1369.70 metres in the Aranjuez area. The best result was 74.33 g/t Ag and 0.23% Zn across 3 metres in Hole MJM5 on the internally held Rodrigo Property. Inspection of the drill logs shows that mineralization occurs mainly in black shales intercalated between both felsic and mafic volcanics.
In the spring of 2006, ZINCO completed an airborne geophysical survey over the entire Almatea concession, including the Aranjuez District. Several promising electromagnetic anomalies were identified, and a short program of soil geochemistry and geological mapping was completed over selected anomalies in 2007. The work was successful in identifying two areas with significant VMS potential, Descubriadora and Dome.
Several historic workings occur in the Descubriadora area, including La Trinidad, La Eliza, the main Descubriadora Stope and Descubriadora West. ZINCO’s airborne resistivity mapping shows that the historic workings are co-incident with an east-west trending resistivity low over 1200 metres long. The bulk average result of 43 rock samples from the geophysical anomaly area is 77 g/t Ag, 0.2 g/t Au, 0.2% Pb, 0.4% Zn and 0.2% Pb. The best overall result is 472.9 g/t Ag, 0.44 g/t Au, 0.6% Pb. 0.06% Zn and 0.04% Cu across 1 metre from the Descubriadora Stope (sample 19170). Several other rock samples returned significant silver and gold values over widths of 1 to 3 metres.
The Dome target is a completely new discovery in the Aranjuez VMS District, and is characterized as the strongest soil anomaly for zinc (as well as co-incident silver, gold and lead) on ZINCO’s entire land package in western Jalisco State. Anomalous metal values in soil define an annulus surrounding a possible rhyolite dome. These early indicators suggest Dome could represent a classic Kuroko-type VMS target.
To better define potential drilling targets at Descubriadora and Dome, ZINCO completed a systematic rock sampling campaign over these areas in the second quarter of 2009. The samples are currently being analysed using the NITON XRF and microscope, and results will be released on completion of the work.
Desmoronado District
The first recorded mining activity in Real de Desmoronado was between 1850 and 1910 when the Agraz-Basán mining company processed about 7 tons/day of high-grade oxide Ag-Au ores. In the 1960’s, Zimapan, S.A. de C.V. (a subsidiary of Industrias Peñoles) acquired claims in Desmoronado. Between 1967 and 1973, it produced 266,500 tons of ore grading 13.6% Zn, 2.6% Pb, 0.97% Cu, 154 g/t Ag and 1 g/t Au from an underground mine at Amaltea. Concurrent with the mining operations, an exploration drilling campaign consisting of 1938.45 metres in 37 small-diameter core holes was completed. In 1975, Ing. E. Rocha completed an initial mineral resource calculation for the San Rafael massive sulphide body based on 23 intercepts. In 1989 Zimapan re-visited Cuatro Minas with a second campaign of drilling for a total of 2884.5 metres completed in 1991. One of the best overall results is 65.3 g/t Ag, 1.9% Pb, 7.1% Zn, 0.1% Cu and 0.1 g/t Au across 52.5 metres (Hole 105).
Estimated mineral resources* for San Rafael (Berrocal-Lopez. Et al., 1990; non NI 43-101 compliant report).
|
Tonnes |
Au (g/t) |
Ag (g/t ) |
Pb (%) |
Zn (%) |
Cu (%) |
San Rafael (main body) |
339,900 |
0.55 |
58 |
1.22 |
5.72 |
0.13 |
San Rafael |
142,100 |
0.49 |
44 |
1.02 |
4.96 |
0.14 |
San Pedro |
6,600 |
0.14 |
105 |
1.96 |
5.39 |
0.33 |
TOTAL |
488,600 |
|
|
|
|
|
*The historical resource estimate cited in this document was prepared by Zimapan, S.A. de C.V. in 1990, and is found in an internal Company Report entitled "Cuatro Minas, Distrito Minero de Desmoronado, Jalisco" (Berrocal-Lopez et al., 1990). Details of the calculations are not included in the report; therefore it is not possible to compare the categories of resource with those required by NI 43-101. ZINCO believes that the estimate is relevant to an appraisal of the merits of the property because the estimate was based on all drill data available at the time, and because there is no evidence of any subsequent work on the property. ZINCO believes that the estimate may, to a limited extent, be reliable because it appears to have been prepared internally for a major company (Zimapan, S.A. de C.V.), apparently seeking to make an objective appraisal of the economic potential of the deposit; it does not appear to have been used for promotional or publicity purposes at the time. No more recent data or resource estimates are available in the public domain. No work has been done by a qualified person to classify the historical resource estimate as a current resource or reserve. ZINCO is not treating the historical resource as a current mineral resource or reserve. The historical resource estimate should not be relied on.
The claims were acquired by Cominco in the 1990’s. In 2000, Cominco joint ventured the Property to Ecstall Mining Corp. Due to low metal prices and poor market conditions, the claims were allowed to lapse, and ZINCO acquired the entire Desmoronado play by staking the Almatea Property in 2004.
Based on regional stream sediment sample results, there is considerable mineral potential along strike to the northeast of the San Rafael deposit. While ZINCO has not tested this area, historic sampling by the MMAJ northeast of Cuatro Minas returned an average result of 13.8 ppm Ag, 94 ppm Cu 219 ppm Pb and 492 ppm Zn in nine contiguous drainage basins over a strike length of 2 km.
La Mina
About 6 km east of Bramador, pyrrhotite-dominant massive sulfides outcrop in a creek near “La Mina”, in the centre of the Volantin Property. La Mina is centered on an easterly trending, steeply south dipping massive sulfide that contains 16% Zn, 6.5% Pb, 0.1% Cu and 387 g/t Ag across 1.5 m (sample 16215). Mineralization consists mainly of massive pyrrhotite with sphalerite, galena and subordinate chalcopyrite. The zone is exposed by two short adits 50 metres apart at 710 metres elevation in the Arroyo de la Mina. The easternmost adit exposes a 2 metre wide zone of azufron, or siliceous hematite with anomalous metal values of 21.3 ppm Mo, 94.3 ppm Cu, 0.3% Pb, 0.2% Zn, 4.8 g/t Ag, 42 ppm Ni and 183 ppm As (sample 16213).
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